Skip to content
Search
paperMay 2026Unreviewed

From Frontier to Shadow AI: A Simmering Threat to Assurance and Security in Critical Infrastructure

Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Shahroz Tariq, Tooba Aamir, Marthie Grobler, Chandra Thapa, Ronal Singh

View resourcePDF

Abstract

Frontier AI systems, including large language models and emerging agentic AI tools, offer significant operational benefits but present unique challenges to critical infrastructure (CI) environments due to their non-deterministic and emergent properties. While formal adoption is inherently cautious and tightly controlled due to strict regulatory oversight, widespread accessibility has catalysed shadow AI: the unsanctioned use of frontier AI outside established organisational controls. In CI setti

Categories

Agentic Threats

Cite

@misc{chhetri2026from,
  title = {{From Frontier to Shadow AI: A Simmering Threat to Assurance and Security in Critical Infrastructure}},
  author = {Mohan Baruwal Chhetri and Shahroz Tariq and Tooba Aamir and Marthie Grobler and Chandra Thapa and Ronal Singh},
  year = {2026},
  month = may,
  eprint = {2606.00088},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.00088}
}