Security and Safety Threats in the Large Language Model Supply Chain: A Systematic Survey and Taxonomy

Abstract

The rapid advancement and deployment of large language models (LLMs) have led to increasingly complex LLM based systems that operate as multi stage pipelines rather than isolated model instances. These systems span dataset construction, model preparation, system integration, and supporting components, together forming an end-to-end LLM supply chain (LLM-SC). In such a supply chain, threats introduced at any component may propagate downstream and upstream, ultimately compromising applications and

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@misc{luna2026security,
  title = {{Security and Safety Threats in the Large Language Model Supply Chain: A Systematic Survey and Taxonomy}},
  author = {Jose Luna and Lili Quan and Ivan Tan and Lingxiao Jiang and Ming Hu and Qiang Hu and Xiaofei Xie},
  year = {2026},
  doi = {10.2139/ssrn.6327419},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6327419}
}