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Watermarking

3 resources

Defenses & Mitigations

AI output watermarking, provenance tracking, and attribution

paper 2026

PASA: A Principled Embedding-Space Watermarking Approach for LLM-Generated Text under Semantic-Invariant Attacks

Zhenxin Ai, Haiyun He

Watermarking for large language models (LLMs) is a promising approach for detecting LLM-generated text and enabling responsible deployment. However, existing watermarking methods are often vulnerable to semantic-invariant attacks, such as paraphrasing. We propose PASA, a principled, robust, and distortion-free watermarking algorithm that embeds and detects a watermark at the semantic level. PASA operates on semantic clusters in a latent embedding space and constructs a distributional dependency

paper 2026

DuCodeMark: Dual-Purpose Code Dataset Watermarking via Style-Aware Watermark-Poison Design

Yuchen Chen, Yuan Xiao, Chunrong Fang + 2 more

The proliferation of large language models for code (CodeLMs) and open-source contributions has heightened concerns over unauthorized use of source code datasets. While watermarking provides a viable protection mechanism by embedding ownership signals, existing methods rely on detectable trigger-target patterns and are limited to source-code tasks, overlooking other scenarios such as decompilation tasks. In this paper, we propose DuCodeMark, a stealthy and robust dual-purpose watermarking method

paper reviewed open access 2023

A Text Watermark for Large Language Models

John Kirchenbauer, Jonas Geiping, Yuxin Wen + 3 more — ICML 2023

Proposes a watermarking framework for LLM-generated text that embeds a statistically detectable signal without significantly affecting output quality.

watermarking 650 citations